How to open a farm? Where to start farming? Farm business plan. State program to support beginning farmers How much livestock is needed to register a peasant farm

Recently, many citizens have begun to open businesses in rural areas, since in the city almost all profitable niches have long been occupied by experienced entrepreneurs. Another good reason is the ability to start without large capital investments. In this article we will talk about where to start farming and how to lead it to success.

How to open a farm?

If you decide to open a farm, but don’t know where to start, the first thing you need to do is develop a competent business plan. First, carefully calculate all the costs, consult with specialists and plan all your further actions. After this, you can begin to implement the idea. A business plan will become a guiding thread that will lead your business to success. The most important thing is to have a successful start, and all problems can be solved as they arise.

So, where to start organizing a farm? The first thing you need to do is find a suitable plot of land. It can be purchased as property or rented. It is most profitable to buy land. In this case, you will not worry that its owner will refuse to renew it after the lease expires. At the moment, in the regions, one hectare of agricultural land costs 2–4 thousand rubles. This is a very affordable price even for beginners who do not have large starting capital.

After you figure out the land, you need to decide what exactly you will do.

The most popular areas of activity:

Pig farming;
Poultry farming;
Breeding cattle;
Growing vegetables or melons;
Fish farming.

The easiest way to start a farm from scratch is to choose one area of activity and gradually develop it. The main advantage of any farmer is that in addition to the main profit, he can receive additional income. For example, if you have organized, you can simultaneously produce frozen berries, preserves and jams. Entrepreneurs who raise cows or pigs can produce sausages and stews. The cultivation of grain crops can be accompanied by the production of flour, pasta and cereals.

Financial investments

It is quite difficult to answer the question of how much it costs to open a farm, since the size of the initial investment largely depends on the scale of the future enterprise and field of activity. If you are planning to start raising cattle, you will need a large start-up capital, approximately 2–5 million rubles. To open a small poultry farm you will have to spend 0.7–1.5 million rubles. For beginners who are interested in how to start a farm from scratch, it is better to start by growing vegetables. In this case, you will only need money to purchase seed and fertilizers.

Aspiring entrepreneurs who want to start their own business in the countryside often ask the question: I want to open a farm, how will the state help? You should not expect that you will be able to get a loan immediately after registering your business. In our country, it is issued only to those farmers who fall under the program for the development of the agro-industrial complex. In addition, this is too troublesome, since in order to receive financial assistance, you need to find several guarantors. If you register for unemployment at the employment center, you may be given a free subsidy for starting a business in the amount of 50–60 thousand rubles.

Profit

The first profit from farming can be obtained in 9–12 months. The payback period for a business does not depend on the area of activity. With the right approach, you can cover all expenses within just a year of work. After this, your income will be significantly higher than the cost of maintaining the farm. If you can’t decide, be sure to pay attention to this promising area of activity. Many successful farmers started with a small family farm and managed to reach great heights thanks to their patience and hard work.

Business profitability

Some farmers cannot make their enterprise profitable because they do not have the appropriate knowledge and skills. But this does not mean that this area of activity should be given up. To achieve success, you need to regularly update equipment and other assets, study advanced developments in agriculture and stimulate land holdings.

To increase the profitability of your business, breed several types of animals or grow different vegetables and fruits. If one part of your structure turns out to be unprofitable, the other will in any case cover all costs and allow you to make a profit.

Another effective way to increase profitability is your own production on a farm. Open a small enterprise and process finished products on your own. In addition, you need to find buyers who will purchase it in bulk at competitive prices.

The most popular ideas for beginners

Are you interested in how to start a farm without large initial investments? In agriculture, you can start your own business literally from scratch. If you take your work responsibly, over time, a small farm will turn into a highly profitable production enterprise. If you are not interested in growing vegetables or other crops, you can start breeding:

Today there are a number of government programs that are aimed at developing and supporting farmers, and tax benefits have been defined for owners. This type of entrepreneurial activity has become promising in Russia. Let's figure out where to start farming, what expenses will be required and how to successfully start in this business.

A farm is a commercial organization that operates on a family basis and produces agricultural products for the purpose of sale for profit.

Before starting a business in this area and to draw up a business plan, decide on the choice of direction.

Branches for breeding

Livestock: , horses, .
: trout, carp, sturgeon, silver carp, pike, carp, catfish.
Poultry breeding: laying hens, broiler chickens, ducks, geese, ostriches, .

What do they grow?

Vegetables: cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage, peppers, eggplants, pumpkin, potatoes, carrots.
Fruits and berries: melons, watermelons, apricots, pears, apples, strawberries, cherries, prunes, plums.
Greens: parsley, dill, onion, garlic.
Grain crops: wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, sunflower, buckwheat.

This is not a complete list, but we have listed common and traditional crops.

What type of activity should I choose additionally?

When drawing up a business plan for a farm, take into account that additional income from related activities is possible.

If you decide to grow fruits and vegetables, additionally set up the production of frozen vegetables and fruits.
If you want to deal with pigs, at the same time start the production of stewed meat, products and other meat delicacies. Cows also mean profit from the sale of dairy products: milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, cheese and others.
When growing grain crops, organize the production of flour, cereals, or try.

Where to start when starting a farm

The procedure for the formation of property is determined by the Law “On Peasant (Farm) Farming” No. 74-FZ of June 11, 2003 (as amended on December 28, 2010 No. 420-FZ).

According to clause 1 of Article 3, any capable citizen of the Russian Federation, as well as a foreign or stateless person, have the right to create a peasant farm. Clause 2 of the article states that members can become: spouses and parents, grandparents, children, sisters, brothers, grandchildren (up to three families). Also persons who are not relatives of the head, but no more than five people.

Article 4 states that the creation of a business by a group of persons will require the conclusion of an agreement on joint activities.

Article 5 describes the procedure for registering a peasant farm.

Registration procedure

pay the state fee;
notarize the application for registration;
submit a package of documents to the Federal Tax Service;
register with the Funds;
receive a letter from Rosstat with statistics codes;
open a bank account.

On state support for agriculture

There are a number of benefits for newly created enterprises, but when you need a loan to develop an agricultural business, do not expect to receive a loan from the state. It is available to farms included in the agro-industrial complex development program. It also includes guarantors.

You are not a pensioner and do not work - contact the employment service with an application for inclusion in the self-employment program so that you have the opportunity to receive government assistance from 50 to 60 thousand rubles for opening an individual entrepreneur in the agricultural sector.

Under a targeted state program, you can receive a subsidy for the development of a farm in the amount of 1 to 4 million rubles. It is valid until 2020, thousands of family farms and start-up entrepreneurs have already received grants.

Any individual entrepreneur and organization can be engaged in the production, processing and sale of agricultural products. However, special conditions and special forms of management are provided for the agricultural sector. How to become a farmer, what kind of enterprise to create in order to receive development subsidies, tax breaks, cheap loans? To make an informed choice, you need to pay attention to such points as:

methods of organizing peasant farms (peasant farms);
taxation, social payments to extra-budgetary funds;
beneficial state support programs for agricultural producers.

Features of peasant farms: which form is better to choose

It should be noted right away that the legal status of peasant farms is characterized by duality. Since 1990, they have been created in the form of legal entities, and since 1994 - as individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity. In 2003, Law No. 74-FZ “On Peasant (Farm) Economy” was adopted, where it is defined as a family-related association of citizens by agreement. However, since 2012, such a voluntary entity has the right to create a legal entity - peasant farm enterprise-legal entity.

Thus, there are now officially three types of farms. To organize them, the following conditions must be met:

engaging in the production of agricultural products, as well as their processing, storage, transportation and sale;
personal participation in the activities of the farm, regardless of the presence (absence) of family relationships.

How are they different from each other?

Individual entrepreneur registered by the head of the peasant farm and acting alone.

In accordance with the law, a peasant farm can be organized by one person. In this case, he is not much different from other entrepreneurs, but gains the benefits of his special status. Registration of individual entrepreneurs is carried out as usual. Simultaneously with the submission of the general package of required documents, two applications are filled out at once: N P21001 and N P21002 - for peasant farms. An entrepreneur can work alone on the farm, or hire employees as an employer.

Peasant farm based on an agreement (without forming a legal entity).

Such a farm is created as a contractual association of persons related by family relations or kinship. There can be no more than 5 outsiders. The property is in common joint or shared ownership, this is stated in the agreement. The elected head of the peasant farm, who must have the status of an individual entrepreneur, is also indicated there. He makes all transactions on behalf of the farm and is its official representative in all authorities. In order for all participants to be registered as members of the farm, an agreement is submitted to the Federal Tax Service.

Anyone who voluntarily leaves the farm loses the right to land and tools of production. He receives only monetary compensation commensurate with his share in the common property, and for 2 years after exit he bears subsidiary liability for common debts within the limits of his share. In fact, this form differs from an individual farm in more complex property relationships and the need to pay insurance premiums for each participant.

Peasant farms as an organizational and legal form of a legal entity (Article 86.1 of the Civil Code).

In this case, a commercial organization is formed on the basis of membership - a corporate legal entity. The presence of family ties is not mandatory, but all other conditions must be met:

the company operates in the agricultural sector;
Only a member of a peasant farm can be a participant in the organization;
each partner must make a property contribution;
all partners are required to take personal part in the work.

The owner of the property is the peasant farm. However, unlike, for example, an LLC, the law provides for subsidiary liability of its members for the obligations of the farm, and not limited by size. There is one more feature. A commercial organization can participate in any transactions, become bankrupt or be liquidated. But a rule applies to a plot of land: it can be sold at public auction only to someone who will continue to use it for agricultural production.

These restrictions make the “legal entity” inferior. Peasant farm-legal entity is more like a simple partnership, but in the latter all participants have the status of individual entrepreneurs. The only plus is that family relationships are not required. In practice, this condition is met only for old organizations formed before 1994. Now, first, it is required to create a peasant farm under an agreement, after which it acquires the right to register as a legal entity. Such a farming business has more restrictions than ordinary entrepreneurship.

Right problem. The law does not contain provisions allowing for the forced exclusion of a member of a peasant farm from participation, as is permitted for other commercial organizations. Therefore, it is impossible to get rid of a partner who does not fulfill his duties or has caused losses to the farm. He can leave the farm only of his own free will (Article 1, No. 74-FZ). This applies to both a voluntary association by agreement and a legal entity.

Taxation of agricultural producers and benefits

Any enterprise engaged in the agricultural complex, including farming, has the right. It is paid at the rate of 6% (income minus expenses), and is additionally beneficial in that losses due to crop loss can be included in expenses. Such payers are exempt from taxes on profits, personal income tax (NDFL), property taxes, and VAT. Benefits do not apply to income taxed at a rate of 30% and customs goods. However, peasant farms have the right to apply any other taxation system: general (OSNO) or simplified taxation (USN), if they consider it more suitable.

As for contributions to pensions and health insurance (PFR, FFOMS), no exceptions are allowed. The head pays for himself, as an individual entrepreneur, and for members of the peasant farm, although they do not have such status. The only relief is a fixed amount, regardless of income. So, if the agreement was signed by 5 people, then the amount increases 5 times. For employees, all taxes and social contributions are paid as usual, depending on the size of the salary. When one of the members of a peasant farm is registered as an individual entrepreneur, for example, to engage in another type of activity, the head of the farm must still pay insurance premiums for him.

Not only a farmer, but also an ordinary entrepreneur working on a common system can receive government subsidies to reimburse part of the costs of paying for seeds, electricity, and equipment. However, heads of peasant farms do not pay taxes on them, and individual entrepreneurs are taxed at a general rate of 13% for all income received, including material benefits (Letter of the Ministry of Finance N 03-04-05/34876 dated 08/26/2013).

Participation in state support programs for peasant farms

Within the framework of the “State Program for the Development of Agriculture... for 2013-2020”

11 subroutines. They provide a variety of forms of support: preferential lending, coverage of losses, costs of land registration, purchase of equipment, gasification, restoration of irrigation systems, and so on. Their implementation is carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Association of Peasant Farmers (AKKOR). Detailed information can be found on the official websites.

Each region approves its own action plan and develops its own target program, which is approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Conditions for participation in competitions for grants and subsidies are published on the websites of local administrations. Applicants must submit a business plan for the development of the farm; selection is made directly in the region (Fig. 1). For example, let's look at three of them.

1 “Support for beginning farmers for the period 2012-2014”

In 2013, 76 regions participated in it, 2 billion rubles were allocated for it, and almost 3,000 farmers received grants. For 2015, an amount of 3.2 billion rubles was allocated, 3,500 start-up entrepreneurs received money, the average amount per farm was 1.14 million rubles.

2 “Development of family livestock farms.”

70 federal subjects take part in this subprogram. 797 farms were built and reconstructed using 1.5 billion rubles of state budget funds. The competition for participation reached 30 applications per place. In 2015, 3.08 billion rubles were allocated and 958 farms received them. The average grant amount was 4.35 million rubles per farm.

3 “Support for small businesses.”

Under this program of the year, subsidies are allocated not only to peasant farms, but also to other representatives of the agricultural complex: entrepreneurs, agricultural cooperatives.

You can get money:

for the construction (reconstruction, modernization) of industrial buildings, workshops;
equipment of laboratories for conducting veterinary examinations and quality control of agricultural products;
equipping and modernizing premises for slaughter, processing, storage of meat, fish, milk, vegetables;
acquisition of special transport: cars, vans, trailers for transporting goods, including leasing.

In 2015, 88 agricultural cooperatives from 25 regions received such support for a total amount of about 1 billion rubles. Of these: 34 are engaged in the processing of meat products, 33 - milk and dairy products, 21 - vegetables and berries.

Recently, changes were made to the requirements for selecting participants:

Entrepreneurs with only 6 months of experience (for 3 years) are allowed to receive a grant for a beginning farmer;
the period for using subsidies was extended to 18 months (from 12), for livestock farms - to 24 months (from 18);
a beginning farmer, 3 years after the allocated funds have been fully spent, can receive money for a family farm;
It is prohibited to allocate subsidies for the development of livestock farming if the head of a peasant farm was previously the founder of a commercial organization;
To receive a grant, there must be no delay in paying insurance premiums, as well as penalties and fines.

conclusions

You can organize a farm as a business in the form of a peasant farm if you draw up a good business plan and show persistence by submitting applications for participation in federal and regional targeted programs. Also, nothing prevents you from engaging in agriculture by creating an LLC or individual entrepreneur. Especially if you count on the money of private investors - in the absence of restrictions in terms of personal participation, nepotism, and subsidiary liability. The state provides support to farmers by law, promotes their creation and development. Let us remind you that in all other cases, entrepreneurship is carried out at your own peril and risk.